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- Communications
-
- Railroads: 146,100 km total; 51,700 km electrified; does
- not include industrial lines (1987).
-
- Highways: 1,609,900 km total; 1,196,000 km hard-surfaced
- (asphalt, concrete, stone block, asphalt treated, gravel,
- crushed stone); 413,900 km earth (1987).
-
- Inland waterways: 122,500 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian
- Sea (1987).
-
- Pipelines: 81,500 km crude oil and refined products; 195,000 km
- natural gas (1987).
-
- Ports: Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils,
- Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk,
- Nikolayev, Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka; inland ports
- are Astrakhan', Baku, Gor'kiy, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk,
- Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev.
-
- Merchant marine: 1,646 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
- 16,436,063 GRT/22,732,215 DWT; includes 53 passenger, 937
- cargo, 52 container, 11 barge carrier, 5 roll-on/float off
- cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 108 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 251
- petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 11 liquefied
- gas, 21 combination ore/oil, 4 specialized liquid carrier,
- 17 chemical tanker, 171 bulk; note--639 merchant ships are
- based in Black Sea, 383 in Baltic Sea, 408 in Soviet Far
- East, and 216 in Barents Sea and White Sea; the Soviet Ministry
- of Merchant Marine is beginning to use foreign registries
- for its merchant ships to increase the economic competitiveness
- of the fleet in the international market--the first reregistered
- ships have gone to the Cypriot flag.
-
- Civil air: 4,500 major transport aircraft.
-
- Airports: 6,950 total, 4,530 usable; 1,050 with permanent-surface
- runways; 30 with runways over 3,659 m; 490 with runways
- 2,440-3,659 m; 660 with runways 1,220-2,439 m.
-
- Telecommunications: extensive network of AM-FM stations
- broadcasting both Moscow and regional programs; main TV
- centers in Moscow and Leningrad plus 11 more in the Soviet
- republics; hundreds of TV stations; 85,000,000 TV sets;
- 162,000,000 radio receivers; many satellite earth stations
- and extensive satellite networks (including 2 Atlantic Ocean
- INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations).
-